@article {58,
	title = {Selective exploitation of early running fish may induce genetic and phenotypic changes in Atlantic salmon},
	journal = {Journal of Fish BiologyJournal of Fish Biology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {Suppl. A},
	year = {2005},
	note = {JFB},
	pages = {130-146},
	abstract = {Genetic evidence for the selective exploitation by anglers of early running fish was examined in four Iberian Atlantic salmon populations (R. As{\textcent}n, Pas, Nansa, Deva), using protein and mtDNA markers. The populations studied had been exploited exclusively by rod and line over a nearly fixed fishing season (March to July) since 1949. Genetic variation at six protein loci was small and was accounted for by the  MEP-2*  and  MDH-3,4*  polymorphisms, which generally remained stable over time and were in Castle-Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium during the fishing season. However, early running multi-seawinter fish (MSW) generally showed higher frequencies of the common  MEP-2*  (100) allele than did late running, one sea winter (1SW) grilse, which were significantly smaller and tended to escape the fishery. Spawners differed from angled fish in their mtDNA frequencies and consistently showed a lower sea age and a smaller body size. Spawners also smolted at an older age and displayed lower frequencies of the  MEP-2*  (100) allele in three of the four populations studied. These results suggest that anglers in these rivers are selectively exploiting a distinct component of the population, and inadvertently causing a differential mortality of genetic types that is likely to be detrimental. Key words: Atlantic salmon; isozymes; mtDNA; selective exploitation; conservation; population structuring.},
	keywords = {AGE, ALLOZYME, ATLANTIC SALMON, BODY SIZE, CANTABRIA, CONSERVATION, EQUILIBRIUM, ESCAPE, EXPLOITATION, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHERY, FISHING, GENETIC, GENETIC VARIATION, GRILSE, ISOZYME, ISOZYMES, MEP, MEP-2*, MORTALITY, MSW, mtDNA, OVEREXPLOITATION, PHENOTYPIC, POLYMORPHISM, POLYMORPHISMS, POPULATION, POPULATION STRUCTURING, POPULATIONS, PROTEIN, RIVER, RIVERS, ROD AND LINE, SALMON, SEA AGE, SELECTIVE EXPLOITATION, SIZE, SPAIN, SPAWNER, STRUCTURING},
	author = {Consuegra, S. and Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C. and Serdio, A. and Verspoor, E.}
}
@inbook {61,
	title = {Estado sanitario del Salm{\textcent}n atl~ntico en Cantabria: desarrollo y aplicaci{\textcent}n de m{\quotesinglbase}todos moleculares},
	booktitle = {Un Viaje de Ida y Vuelta. IV Jornadas del Salm{\textcent}n Atl~ntico en la Pen{\textexclamdown}nsula Ib{\quotesinglbase}rica},
	series = {IV Jornadas del Salm{\textcent}n Atl~ntico en la Pen{\textexclamdown}nsula Ib{\quotesinglbase}rica},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISBN 84-932524-4-1},
	pages = {123-134},
	publisher = {Gobierno de Navarra, Dpto. de Medio Ambiente, Ordenaci{\textcent}n del Territorio y Vivienda. Gesti{\textcent}n Ambiental - Viveros y Repoblaciones de Navarra.},
	organization = {Gobierno de Navarra, Dpto. de Medio Ambiente, Ordenaci{\textcent}n del Territorio y Vivienda. Gesti{\textcent}n Ambiental - Viveros y Repoblaciones de Navarra.},
	address = {Pamplona},
	abstract = {We have examined the health status of adult Atlantic salmon returning to the rivers As{\textcent}n, Pas-Pisue¤a, Nansa and Deva (Cantabria) during the period 1996-2002. Extreme values of hematocrit, leukocrit, haemoglobin, plasma protein and glucose were detected in some individuals, reflecting their poor health and, in some cases, their depressed immune system. The main pathogens detected in the wild populations include the bacteria  Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophilla, Yersinia ruckeri  and  Photobacterium damsela e, as well as the opportunistic fungus  Saprolegnia  sp. and the internal marine parasite  Anisaki s. In general, the most depressed salmon populations were those located in the most altered watersheds; these showed in turn the poorest health condition, the highest incidence of infectious diseases, and the greatest extent of pre-spawning mortalities. We begun recently to apply molecular methods for the detection of infectious diseases, based on PCR-amplifica-tion of target pathogenic genomes. The advantages of molecular methods over traditional diagnostic techniques include greater sensitivity and faster results, as well as the possibility to carry out the analysis non-destructively, before there are any clinical symptoms of the disease. Another molecular approach we have recently undertaken is the analysis of genetic variation at the MHC. This may allow us to improve the resistance of salmon to infectious diseases in the future, which should prove useful in captive breeding programmes and in the restoration of wild populations.},
	keywords = {ADULT, ADULTS, ANISAKIS, ATLANTIC SALMON, BACTERIA, BREEDING, CANTABRIA, CAPTIVE BREEDING, DISEASE, DISEASES, ENDANGERED, FISH, FISH DISEASE, FUNGUS, GENETIC, GENETIC VARIATION, GLUCOSE, HAEMOGLOBIN, HEALTH CONDITION, HEMATOCRIT, IMMUNE SYSTEM, INFECTIOUS, INFECTIOUS DISEASE, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, LEUKOCRIT, MARINE, METHOD, METHODS, MHC, MOLECULAR, MORTALITY, PARASITE, PATHOGEN, PATHOGENS, POPULATION, POPULATIONS, PROTEIN, RESISTANCE, RESTORATION, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMON, SPAIN, YERSINIA RUCKERI},
	author = {Consuegra, S. and Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C. and Serdio, A.},
	editor = {Lamuela, M. and Alvarez, J.}
}
@inbook {47,
	title = {Depredadores pisc{\textexclamdown}voros en los r{\textexclamdown}os de Cantabria y su efecto sobre poblaciones amenazadas de Salm{\textcent}n atl~ntico},
	booktitle = {Un Viaje de Ida y Vuelta. IV Jornadas del Salm{\textcent}n Atl~ntico en la Pen{\textexclamdown}nsula Ib{\quotesinglbase}rica},
	series = {IV Jornadas del Salm{\textcent}n Atl~ntico en la Pen{\textexclamdown}nsula Ib{\quotesinglbase}rica},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ISBN 84-932524-4-1},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Gobierno de Navarra, Dpto. de Medio Ambiente, Ordenaci{\textcent}n del Territorio y Vivienda. Gesti{\textcent}n Ambiental - Viveros y Repoblaciones de Navarra.},
	organization = {Gobierno de Navarra, Dpto. de Medio Ambiente, Ordenaci{\textcent}n del Territorio y Vivienda. Gesti{\textcent}n Ambiental - Viveros y Repoblaciones de Navarra.},
	address = {Pamplona},
	abstract = {Predation constitutes an important source of juvenile mortality in Atlantic salmon  (Salmo sala r), although it has proved difficult to quantify under natural conditions. Losses due to predation can occur both at the juvenile and adult stages. However, predation on juveniles may be compensated by a reduction in other sources of natural mortality and may not therefore affect the number of returning adults. Although some fish predators are thought to concentrate on juvenile salmon, most predators are in fact opportunistic, exploiting those fish species which are most abundant or readily available. In this study we have reviewed the available information on Atlantic salmon predators in the Iberian Peninsula. We have also analysed in more detail the consumption of juvenile salmon by otters  (Lutra lutra)  and great cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carb o) in Cantabrian rivers, in an attempt to evaluate the effect of predation on endangered salmon populations.},
	keywords = {ADULT, ADULTS, ATLANTIC SALMON, CANTABRIA, CORMORANT, ENDANGERED, FISH, GREAT CORMORANT, JUVENILE, JUVENILES, MORTALITY, OTTER, OTTERS, PREDATION, PREDATOR, PREDATORS, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMON, SPAIN},
	author = {Serdio, A. and Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C. and Consuegra, S.},
	editor = {Lamuela, M. and Alvarez, J.}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Population structure in the Atlantic salmon: insights from 40 years of research into genetic protein variation},
	journal = {Journal of Fish BiologyJournal of Fish Biology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {Suppl. A},
	year = {2005},
	note = {JFB},
	pages = {3-54},
	abstract = {Electrophoretic studies of proteins remain a primary source of insight into genetic diversity in many species including the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, one of the most culturally and economically important fish species of the North Atlantic region. Since 1966, >350 scientific papers on protein variation have been published encompassing 25 000+ salmon from over 400 locations in >200 river systems across the species{\textquoteright} distribution. Variation has been detected at 30\% of the 110 protein loci screened, though most studies examine <40. The method has been applied largely to the investigation of population structure and differentiation, but work has also led to the systematic revision of the genus Salmo and remains the primary source of insight into hybridization in the wild with brown trout Salmo trutta. Spatial patterns of differentiation show temporal stability, both within and among river systems, and strongly support structuring of the species into river and tributary specific populations and the designation of European and North American populations as distinct sub-species. They also show widespread regional differentiation within both continents, beyond the marked subcontinental differences between Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean populations in Europe. Most of the differentiation probably reflects gene flow and founder events associated with colonization following the retreat of the glaciers from much of the species{\textquoteright} modern range. However, variation at MEP-2* shows strong correlations with environmental temperature, both within and among rivers, and associations with phenotypic performance. This suggests selection is acting on the locus and provides compelling evidence for the local adaptation of populations. Protein studies have led to more population centred management of the species and have been exploited in the discrimination of regional stocks in mixed stock analysis in high seas fisheries, particularly in the Baltic Sea, and as markers for the assessment of stocking success. They have also advanced insight into how the genetic character of populations can be changed in cultivation and the potential impact of salmon aquaculture and stocking on wild populations. The method has been largely superseded by DNA based analyses, but the results remain highly relevant to Atlantic salmon management and conservation and are an irreplaceable data set for studying genetic stability of populations over time},
	keywords = {ADAPTATION, ALLOZYMES, AQUACULTURE, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ATLANTIC SALMON, BROWN TROUT, COLONIZATION, CONSERVATION, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY, DNA, ELECTROPHORESIS, ENVIRONMENTAL, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHERY, FLOW, FOUNDER, GENE FLOW, GENETIC, GENETIC DIVERSITY, GENETIC VARIATION, GSI, HYBRIDIZATION, ISOZYME, LOCAL ADAPTATION, MANAGEMENT, MEP, MEP-2*, METHOD, MIXED STOCK ANALYSIS, OCEAN, PATTERN, PHENOTYPIC, POPULATION, POPULATION STRUCTURE, POPULATIONS, PROTEIN, PROTEINS, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMO TRUTTA, SALMON, SELECTION, SPATIAL, STABILITY, STOCK, STOCK DISCRIMINATION, STOCKING, STOCKS, STRUCTURING, TEMPERATURE, TEMPORAL, TEMPORAL STABILITY, TROUT},
	author = {Verspoor, E. and Beardmore, J. A. and Consuegra, S. and Garcia de Le~niz, C. and Hindar, K. and Jordan, W. C. and Koljonen, M. L. and Mahkrov, A. A. and Paaver, T. and S~nchez, J. A. and Skaala,  and Titov, S. and Cross, T. F.}
}
@article {17,
	title = {The diversity of juvenile salmonids does not affect their competitive impact on a native galaxiid  },
	journal = {Biological InvasionsBiological Invasions},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2009},
	note = {DOI 10.1007/s10530-008-9372-5},
	pages = {1955-1961},
	abstract = {We used an invaded stream fish community in southern Chile to experimentally test whether the diversity of exotic species affects their competitive impact on a native species. In artificial enclosures an established invasive, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and a potential invader, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, reduced the growth rate of native peladilla, Aplochiton zebra, by the same amount. In enclosures with both exotic salmonids, the growth rates of all three species were the same as in single exotic treatments. While neither species identity nor diversity appeared to affect competitive interactions in this experiment, the impact of salmonid diversity may vary with the type of interspecific interaction and/or the species identity of the exotics. Our experiment links two prominent concepts in invasion biology by testing whether the result of invasional meltdown, an increase in the diversity of exotic species, affects their impact through interspecific competition, the mechanism invoked by the biotic resistance hypothesis. Keywords Exotic species diversity - Interspecific competition - Salmonids - Galaxiids - Stream enclosure experiment - Aquaculture},
	keywords = {AQUACULTURE, ATLANTIC SALMON, CHILE, COMPETITION, DIVERSITY, EXOTIC, EXOTIC SPECIES, EXOTICS, FISH, FISH COMMUNITY, GALAXIIDS, GROWTH, GROWTH RATE, INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION, INVASION, INVASIONAL MELTDOWN, INVASIVE, JUVENILE, NATIVE, NATIVE SPECIES, ONCORHYNCHUS, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, RAINBOW TROUT, RESISTANCE, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMON, SALMONID, SALMONIDS, SPECIES DIVERSITY, SPECIES-DIVERSITY, STREAM, STREAM FISH, TREATMENT, TROUT},
	author = {Young, K. A. and Stephenson, J. and Terreau, A. and Thailly, A. F. and Gajardo, G. and Garcia de Leaniz, C.}
}
@article {19,
	title = {MHC-mediated mate choice increases parasite resistance in salmon},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series BProceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B},
	volume = {275},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
	pages = {1397-1403},
	abstract = {Natural (parasite-driven) and sexual selection are thought to maintain high polymorphism in the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but support for a link between mate choice, MHC variation, and increased parasite resistance is circumstantial. We compared MHC diversity and Anisakis loads amongst anadromous Atlantic salmon returning to four rivers to spawn which had originated from natural spawning (parents allowed to mate freely) or from artificial crosses (parents deprived from the potential benefits of mate choice). We found that the offspring of artificially-bred salmon had higher parasite loads and were almost 4 times more likely to be infected than free-mating salmon, despite having similar levels of MHC diversity. Moreover, the offspring of wild salmon were more MHC-dissimilar than the offspring of artificially-crossed salmon, and uninfected fish were more dissimilar for MHC than infected fish. Thus, our results suggest a link between disassortative mating and offspring benefits, and indicate that MHC-mediated mate choice and natural (parasite-driven) selection act in combination to maintain MHC diversity, and hence fitness. Therefore, artificial breeding programmes that negate the potential genetic benefits of mate choice may result in inherently inferior offspring, regardless of population size, rearing conditions, or genetic diversity. Keywords: MHC, mate choice, good genes, compatible genes, parasite resistance, salmon},
	keywords = {ANADROMOUS, ANISAKIS, ATLANTIC SALMON, BREEDING, COMPATIBLE GENES, DISASSORTATIVE, DISASSORTATIVE MATING, DIVERSITY, FISH, FITNESS, GENETIC, GENETIC DIVERSITY, GOOD GENES, INFECTED, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, MATE CHOICE, MATE-CHOICE, MATING, MHC, OFFSPRING, PARASITE, POLYMORPHISM, POPULATION, POPULATION SIZE, RESISTANCE, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMON, SELECTION, SEXUAL SELECTION, SIZE, SPAWNING, WILD SALMON},
	author = {Consuegra, S. and Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C.}
}
@article {22,
	title = {Fluctuating sex ratios, but no sex-biased dispersal, in a promiscuous fish},
	journal = {Evolutionary EcologyEvolutionary Ecology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2007},
	note = {DOI 10.1007/s10682-006-9001-7},
	pages = {229-245},
	abstract = {Dispersal in birds and mammals tends to be female-biased in monogamous species and male-biased in polygamous species. However results for other taxa, most notably fish, are equivocal. We employed molecular markers and physical tags to test the hypothesis that Atlantic salmon, a promiscuous species with intense male-male competition for access to females, displays male-biased dispersal. We found significant variation in sex ratios and in asymmetric gene flow between neighbouring salmon populations, but little or no evidence for sex-biased dispersal. We show that conditions favouring male dispersal will often be offset by those favouring female dispersal, and that spatial and temporal variation in sex ratios within a metapopulation may favour the dispersal of different sexes in source and sink habitats. Thus, our results reconcile previous discrepancies on salmonid dispersal and highlight the need to consider metapopulation dynamics and sex ratios in the study of natal dispersal of highly fecund species. Keywords:  sex ratios, sex-biased dispersal, asymmetric gene flow, mtDNA, microsatellites, Atlantic salmon, metapopulation},
	keywords = {ATLANTIC SALMON, BIRD, BIRDS, COMPETITION, dispersal, DISPLAY, FEMALE, FEMALES, FISH, FLOW, GENE FLOW, HABITAT, MALE, MAMMALS, METAPOPULATION, MICROSATELLITE, MICROSATELLITES, MOLECULAR, MOLECULAR MARKERS, mtDNA, POPULATION, POPULATIONS, SALMON, SALMONID, SEX, SEX RATIO, SEX RATIOS, SEX-BIASED, SEX-BIASED DISPERSAL, SPATIAL, TAGS, TEMPORAL, TEMPORAL VARIATION},
	author = {Consuegra, S. and Garcia de Le~niz, C.}
}
@article {5,
	title = {From Best to Pest: changing perspectives on the impact of exotic salmonids in the Southern Hemisphere},
	journal = {Systematics and Biodiversity},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2010},
	note = {DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2010.537706},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {447 - 459},
	abstract = {Exotic salmonids were deliberately introduced to the Southern Hemisphere during the last part of the 20th century, initially to boost sport fishing and later to develop an aquaculture industry. Early introductions were justified by governments on purely utilitarian arguments as it was felt that translocated salmonids would capitalize on otherwise {\textquoteright}underutilized{\textquoteright} aquatic niches. A century later, exotic salmonids are established in nearly all places where they were originally introduced and beyond, and constitute one of the main threats to endemic fish fauna, amongst which galaxiid fishes have perhaps been impacted the most. We screened the literature to document the changing perspectives on exotic salmonids in the Southern Hemisphere, and employed SWOT analysis to assess the conservation prognosis of native galaxiids in the face of salmonid invasions. Our analysis indicates that opinions differ  - and contradictions abound - as to how to prevent further salmonid encroachment. This is largely due to lack of information on the impact of exotics but, more importantly, because the problem is often approached merely from a socio-economic perspective. Sport fishermen, for example, actively support the stocking of rivers to enhance sport fisheries and argue in favour of considering established salmonids as part of the native biodiversity, but also want to see an end to salmonids escaping from fish farms. The salmon industry tends to stress the social and economic benefits brought about by aquaculture, but continues to demand the right to expand and self-regulate. Governments, on the other hand, have not always had consistent or clear policies on exotic salmonids, and have tended to favour some stakeholders and penalized others. Our analysis emphasizes the need to consider biologically meaningful time scales when assessing impacts on biodiversity, and stresses the need to anticipate shifts in public opinion and stakeholder support in conservation.},
	keywords = {AQUACULTURE, AQUATIC, ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, BIODIVERSITY, CHILE, CONSERVATION, EXOTIC, EXOTICS, FALKLANDS, FARM, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHERMEN, FISHERY, FISHES, FISHING, GALAXIIDS, INVASION, INVASIONS, KERGUELEN, NATIVE, NEW ZEALAND, NICHES, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMON, SALMONID, SALMONIDS, SCALES, SOUTH AFRICA, SPORT FISHERIES, SPORT FISHERY, SPORT FISHING, STOCKING, STRESS, SWOT},
	author = {Garcia de Leaniz,C. and Gajardo,G. and Consuegra,S.}
}
@article {6,
	title = {A trial of two trouts: comparing the impacts of rainbow and brown trout on a native galaxiid},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010///},
	pages = {399 - 410},
	abstract = {Exotic fishes are a principal threat to global freshwater biodiversity. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta are the world{\textquoteright}s two most widespread exotic fishes, dominate the fish communities of most cold-temperate waters in the southern hemisphere and are implicated in the decline and extirpation of native fish species. Here we provide the first direct comparison of the impacts of rainbow and brown trout on populations of a native fish by quantifying three components of exotic species impact-range, abundance, and effect. We surveyed 54 small streams on the island of Chilo},
	keywords = {ABUNDANCE, ALLOPATRY, APLOCHITON ZEBRA, AQUACULTURE, BIODIVERSITY, BROWN TROUT, CHILE, CHILEAN, CONSERVATION, DECLINE, EXOTIC, EXOTIC SPECIES, FISH, FISH COMMUNITY, FISHES, FRESHWATER, HABITAT, INVASION, INVASIVE SPECIES, ISLAND, NATIVE, NON NATIVE, NON-NATIVE SPECIES, NONNATIVE, ONCORHYNCHUS, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, PATAGONIA, POPULATION, POPULATIONS, RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO, SALMO TRUTTA, STRATEGIES, STRATEGY, STREAM, STREAMS, SYMPATRIC, SYMPATRY, TROUT},
	author = {Young,K.A. and Dunham,J.B. and Stephenson,J.F. and Terreau,A. and Thailly,A-.F. and Gajardo,G. and Garcia de Leaniz,C.}
}
@article {7,
	title = {The diversity of juvenile salmonids does not affect their competitive impact on a native galaxiid 
},
	journal = {Biological Invasions},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2009},
	note = {DOI 10.1007/s10530-008-9372-5},
	month = {2009///},
	pages = {1955 - 1961},
	abstract = {We used an invaded stream fish community in southern Chile to experimentally test whether the diversity of exotic species affects their competitive impact on a native species. In artificial enclosures an established invasive, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and a potential invader, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, reduced the growth rate of native peladilla, Aplochiton zebra, by the same amount. In enclosures with both exotic salmonids, the growth rates of all three species were the same as in single exotic treatments. While neither species identity nor diversity appeared to affect competitive interactions in this experiment, the impact of salmonid diversity may vary with the type of interspecific interaction and/or the species identity of the exotics. Our experiment links two prominent concepts in invasion biology by testing whether the result of invasional meltdown, an increase in the diversity of exotic species, affects their impact through interspecific competition, the mechanism invoked by the biotic resistance hypothesis. Keywords  Exotic species diversity - Interspecific competition - Salmonids - Galaxiids - Stream enclosure experiment - Aquaculture},
	keywords = {APLOCHITON ZEBRA, AQUACULTURE, ATLANTIC SALMON, CHILE, COMPETITION, DIVERSITY, EXOTIC, EXOTIC SPECIES, EXOTICS, FISH, FISH COMMUNITY, GALAXIIDS, GROWTH, GROWTH RATE, INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION, INVASION, INVASIONAL MELTDOWN, INVASIVE, JUVENILE, NATIVE, NATIVE SPECIES, ONCORHYNCHUS, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, RAINBOW TROUT, RESISTANCE, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMON, SALMONID, SALMONIDS, SPECIES DIVERSITY, SPECIES-DIVERSITY, STREAM, STREAM FISH, TREATMENT, TROUT},
	author = {Young,K.A. and Stephenson,J. and Terreau,A. and Thailly,A-.F. and Gajardo,G. and Garcia de Leaniz,C.}
}
