@article {60,
	title = {Mitochondrial DNA variation in Pleistocene and modern Atlantic salmon from the Iberian glacial refugium},
	journal = {Mol Ecol},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {2037-2048},
	abstract = {Current understanding of the postglacial colonization of Nearctic and Palearctic species relies heavily on inferences drawn from the phylogeographic analysis of contemporary generic variants.Modern postglacial populations are supposed to be representative of their Pleistocene ancestors,and their current distribution is assumed to reflect the different colonization success and dispersal patterns of refugial lineages.Yet,testing of phylogeographic models against ancestral genomes from glacial refugia has rarely been possible. Here we compare ND1 mitochondrial DNA variation in late Pleistocene (16 000 -40 000 years before present),historical and contemporary Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar  ) populations from northern Spain and other regions of western Europe. Our study demonstrates the presence of Atlantic salmon in the Iberian glacial refugium during the last 40 000 years and points to the Iberian Peninsula as the likely source of the most common haplotype within the Atlantic lineage in Europe.However,our findings also suggest that there may have been significant changes in the genetic structure of the Iberian refugial stock since the last ice age,and question whether modern populations in refugial areas are representative of ice age populations.A common haplotype that persisted in the Iberian Peninsula during the Pleistocene last glacial maximum is now extremely rare or absent from European rivers, highlighting the need for caution when making phylogeographic inferences about the origin and distribution of modern genetic types.  Keywords  :  ancient mtDNA; Atlantic salmon; glacial refugium; phylogeography; potsglacial evolution},
	keywords = {AGE, ANCIENT DNA, ARCHAEOLOGY, ATLANTIC SALMON, BONE REMAINS, COLONIZATION, CURRENT, dispersal, DISTRIBUTION, DNA, EVOLUTION, FOSSIL, GENETIC, GLACIAL REFUGIA, GLACIAL REFUGIUM, ICE, ICE AGE, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, MODEL, MODELS, mtDNA, PATTERN, PHYLOGENETIC, PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, PLEISTOCENE, POPULATION, POPULATIONS, POSTGLACIAL, POSTGLACIAL COLONIZATION, REFUGIA, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMON, SELECTION, SPAIN, STOCK, TEMPERATURE, VERTEBRAE},
	author = {Consuegra, S. and Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C. and Serdio, A. and Gonz~lez Morales, M. and Straus, L. G. and Knox, D. and Verspoor, E.}
}
@article {43,
	title = {Population structure in the Atlantic salmon: insights from 40 years of research into genetic protein variation},
	journal = {Journal of Fish BiologyJournal of Fish Biology},
	volume = {67},
	number = {Suppl. A},
	year = {2005},
	note = {JFB},
	pages = {3-54},
	abstract = {Electrophoretic studies of proteins remain a primary source of insight into genetic diversity in many species including the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, one of the most culturally and economically important fish species of the North Atlantic region. Since 1966, >350 scientific papers on protein variation have been published encompassing 25 000+ salmon from over 400 locations in >200 river systems across the species{\textquoteright} distribution. Variation has been detected at 30\% of the 110 protein loci screened, though most studies examine <40. The method has been applied largely to the investigation of population structure and differentiation, but work has also led to the systematic revision of the genus Salmo and remains the primary source of insight into hybridization in the wild with brown trout Salmo trutta. Spatial patterns of differentiation show temporal stability, both within and among river systems, and strongly support structuring of the species into river and tributary specific populations and the designation of European and North American populations as distinct sub-species. They also show widespread regional differentiation within both continents, beyond the marked subcontinental differences between Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean populations in Europe. Most of the differentiation probably reflects gene flow and founder events associated with colonization following the retreat of the glaciers from much of the species{\textquoteright} modern range. However, variation at MEP-2* shows strong correlations with environmental temperature, both within and among rivers, and associations with phenotypic performance. This suggests selection is acting on the locus and provides compelling evidence for the local adaptation of populations. Protein studies have led to more population centred management of the species and have been exploited in the discrimination of regional stocks in mixed stock analysis in high seas fisheries, particularly in the Baltic Sea, and as markers for the assessment of stocking success. They have also advanced insight into how the genetic character of populations can be changed in cultivation and the potential impact of salmon aquaculture and stocking on wild populations. The method has been largely superseded by DNA based analyses, but the results remain highly relevant to Atlantic salmon management and conservation and are an irreplaceable data set for studying genetic stability of populations over time},
	keywords = {ADAPTATION, ALLOZYMES, AQUACULTURE, ATLANTIC OCEAN, ATLANTIC SALMON, BROWN TROUT, COLONIZATION, CONSERVATION, DISCRIMINATION, DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY, DNA, ELECTROPHORESIS, ENVIRONMENTAL, FISH, FISHERIES, FISHERY, FLOW, FOUNDER, GENE FLOW, GENETIC, GENETIC DIVERSITY, GENETIC VARIATION, GSI, HYBRIDIZATION, ISOZYME, LOCAL ADAPTATION, MANAGEMENT, MEP, MEP-2*, METHOD, MIXED STOCK ANALYSIS, OCEAN, PATTERN, PHENOTYPIC, POPULATION, POPULATION STRUCTURE, POPULATIONS, PROTEIN, PROTEINS, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMO TRUTTA, SALMON, SELECTION, SPATIAL, STABILITY, STOCK, STOCK DISCRIMINATION, STOCKING, STOCKS, STRUCTURING, TEMPERATURE, TEMPORAL, TEMPORAL STABILITY, TROUT},
	author = {Verspoor, E. and Beardmore, J. A. and Consuegra, S. and Garcia de Le~niz, C. and Hindar, K. and Jordan, W. C. and Koljonen, M. L. and Mahkrov, A. A. and Paaver, T. and S~nchez, J. A. and Skaala,  and Titov, S. and Cross, T. F.}
}
