@article {83,
	title = {A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation},
	journal = {Biol Rev Camb Philos SocBiol Rev Camb Philos SocBiol Rev Camb Philos Soc},
	volume = {82},
	number = {2},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Garcia de Leaniz, CFleming, I AEinum, SVerspoor, EJordan, W CConsuegra, SAubin-Horth, NLajus, DLetcher, B HYoungson, A FWebb, J HVollestad, L AVillanueva, BFerguson, AQuinn, T PEnglandBiol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2007 May;82(2):173-211.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {173-211},
	type = {Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tReview},
	edition = {2007/04/18},
	abstract = {Here we critically review the scale and extent of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), an important model system in evolutionary and conservation biology that provides fundamental insights into population persistence, adaptive response and the effects of anthropogenic change. We consider the process of adaptation as the end product of natural selection, one that can best be viewed as the degree of matching between phenotype and environment. We recognise three potential sources of adaptive variation: heritable variation in phenotypic traits related to fitness, variation at the molecular level in genes influenced by selection, and variation in the way genes interact with the environment to produce phenotypes of varying plasticity. Of all phenotypic traits examined, variation in body size (or in correlated characters such as growth rates, age of seaward migration or age at sexual maturity) generally shows the highest heritability, as well as a strong effect on fitness. Thus, body size in Atlantic salmon tends to be positively correlated with freshwater and marine survival, as well as with fecundity, egg size, reproductive success, and offspring survival. By contrast, the fitness implications of variation in behavioural traits such as aggression, sheltering behaviour, or timing of migration are largely unknown. The adaptive significance of molecular variation in salmonids is also scant and largely circumstantial, despite extensive molecular screening on these species. Adaptive variation can result in local adaptations (LA) when, among other necessary conditions, populations live in patchy environments, exchange few or no migrants, and are subjected to differential selective pressures. Evidence for LA in Atlantic salmon is indirect and comes mostly from ecological correlates in fitness-related traits, the failure of many translocations, the poor performance of domesticated stocks, results of a few common-garden experiments (where different populations were raised in a common environment in an attempt to dissociate heritable from environmentally induced phenotypic variation), and the pattern of inherited resistance to some parasites and diseases. Genotype x environment interactions occurr for many fitness traits, suggesting that LA might be important. However, the scale and extent of adaptive variation remains poorly understood and probably varies, depending on habitat heterogeneity, environmental stability and the relative roles of selection and drift. As maladaptation often results from phenotype-environment mismatch, we argue that acting as if populations are not locally adapted carries a much greater risk of mismanagement than acting under the assumption for local adaptations when there are none. As such, an evolutionary approach to salmon conservation is required, aimed at maintaining the conditions necessary for natural selection to operate most efficiently and unhindered. This may require minimising alterations to native genotypes and habitats to which populations have likely become adapted, but also allowing for population size to reach or extend beyond carrying capacity to encourage competition and other sources of natural mortality.},
	keywords = {*Evolution, Molecular, *Genetic Variation, Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics/physiology, Animals, FEMALE, MALE, Reproduction/physiology, Salmo salar/anatomy \& histology/*genetics/*physiology, Selection, Genetic},
	isbn = {1464-7931 (Print)0006-3231 (Linking)},
	author = {Garcia de Leaniz, C. and Fleming, I. A. and Einum, S. and Verspoor, E. and Jordan, W. C. and Consuegra, S. and Aubin-Horth, N. and Lajus, D. and Letcher, B. H. and Youngson, A. F. and Webb, J. H. and Vollestad, L. A. and Villanueva, B. and Ferguson, A. and Quinn, T. P.}
}
@inbook {51,
	title = {Local Adaptation  },
	booktitle = {The Atlantic Salmon: Genetics, Conservation and Management},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {200-239},
	publisher = {Blackwell},
	organization = {Blackwell},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {The tendency of salmon, Salmo salar, to return from the sea to the river of hatching and form {\textquoteright}local populations{\textquoteright} has apparently been known for a long time (Calderwood 1908). Writing in 1653, Izaak Walton described how juveniles marked with ribbons tied to their tails were later recaptured as adults in their home river. Since no two rivers are completely identical, salmon returning to spawn in different rivers will, with time, give rise to different strains or {\textquoteright}races{\textquoteright} (Huntsman 1941). Those races, so the story goes, are presumably the ones best {\textquoteright}adapted{\textquoteright} to the local river conditions. But, is this really the case? And if so, what are local salmon adapted to? And perhaps more importantly, why should we care about it? In this chapter we will examine the evidence for (and against) the existence of local adaptations in Atlantic salmon, in particular those studies that have become available during the last decade, since Taylor (1991) reviewed this subject. We will also consider the implications of adaptive variation for the management and conservation of Atlantic salmon populations. But first we must define what we mean by {\textquoteright}adaptation{\textquoteright}.},
	keywords = {ADAPTATION, ADAPTIVE, ADULT, ADULTS, ATLANTIC SALMON, CONSERVATION, GENETIC, GENETICS, HATCHING, JUVENILE, JUVENILES, LOCAL ADAPTATION, LOCAL ADAPTATIONS, MANAGEMENT, POPULATION, POPULATIONS, RIVER, RIVERS, SALMO, SALMO SALAR, SALMON},
	author = {Garc{\textexclamdown}a de Le~niz, C. and Fleming, I. A. and Einum, S. and Verspoor, E. and Consuegra, S. and Jordan, W. C. and Aubin-Horth, N. and Lajus, D. L. and Villanueva, B. and Ferguson, A. and Youngson, A. F. and Quinn, T. P.},
	editor = {Verspoor, E. and Stradmeyer, L. and Nielsen, J.}
}
